Page Title

Course Description:
This course covers a survey of political, social, economic, cultural aspects and architecture of the eighteenth century, which provides a kaleidoscopic vision of the Ottoman way of life and material culture in this initial era of Occidentalism. The course focuses on how the Ottomans incorporated Western European cultural concepts and architectural features into local traditions. The Occidentalizing tendencies, a distinguishing characteristic of the century in the Ottoman world, are studied in reference to European Orientalism and Exoticism. The course also discusses the use of the term Baroque for the century and its implications. The course includes a series of lectures by the instructor. It is designed for architectural history graduate students. Graduate students from other departments might be accepted on condition that they either study similar topics in their graduate program or completed any art/architectural history survey course.

Course/Learning Objectives:
This course provides:

Ottoman acquaintance with Western European culture;
Social change following the sixteenth century;
A new definition of “Westernization” in Ottoman art, culture and architecture;
Formation of Ottoman architecture in the eighteenth century and it phases;
Terminological and taxonomical clarity;
Characteristics of Historicism, Baroque, Occidentalism, Orientalism and Exoticism.

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the course students are expected to:

Describe the social-political factors that led to the acceptance of Western European elements;
Analyze how Baroque and Rococo features adapted to the local Ottoman architectural traditions;
Differentiate initial and late phases of the eighteenth century style;
Display awareness of the architectural styles appeared in the eighteenth century in terms of their origins;
Distinguish hybridity, syncretism and synthesis in Ottoman architecture;
Portray an eighteenth century architectural work as a product of “gesamtkunstwerk” where elevation, plan, site planning and urban setting interrelated in parallel to the interdependent facets of cultural life.
Outline the design principles of eighteenth century Ottoman architecture in terms of building types;
Demonstrate skill on interdisciplinary research.

Tasks:
Weekly readings; term paper; paper presentation; final exam; % 70 attendance. Grading: Final examination 40%; Term paper 40%; Paper Presentation 10%; Perfromance in Class and Attendance 10%.

SCHEDULE
Outline:
1st week
Introduction: overview of the course.
2nd week
Western elements in Turkish culture and architecture before the Eighteenth Century
Readings 1: Lewis, 1982; Renda, 1985; Tanyeli, 1992
3rd week
Tulip and fleurs-de-lis: Social and political conjuncture in the eighteenth century
Readings 2: İnalcık, 1995; Karpat, 1968; Ortaylı, 1977
4th week:
Mission of Yirmisekiz Çelebi Mehmed Efendi and a survey of art and architecture in the Tulip Age
Readings 3: Arel, 1975; Artan, 1993; Evin, 1980; Göçek, Peker, 2002, Peker, 2011; Yirmisekiz, 1970
5th week:
Nur-u Osmaniye and Beyond I (1750-1787): The art and architecture in the second half of the Century
Readings 4: Kuban, 1982a; Neftçi, 1996; Ögel, 1996; Peker, 2010.
6th week:
Nur-u Osmaniye and Beyond II (1789-1796): The art and architecture at the end of the Century
Readings 5 : Artan, 1989; Artan, 1992
7th Week:
A Review of Architectural Historiography on Eighteenth Century Ottoman Architecture
Readings 6: Arel, 1975; Cerasi, 1988; Cerasi, 1997; Cerasi, 1999a; Cerasi, 1999b; Goodwin, 1971; Hamadeh, 2004; Kuban, 1954; Kuran, 1977; Renda, 1985; Yenişehirlioğlu, 1983
8th Week:
Baroque ever and again: "Ottoman baroque" as a terminus of classic
Readings 7: Calabrese, 1992; Kaufman, 1968; Kuban, 1982b
9th Week:
Orientalism and "Occidentalism": Curiosity about the "other”
Readings 8: Mackenzie, 1995; Mannsåker, 1990; Sweeetman, 1988
On the weekend: A study trip to İstanbul might be organized due to semester schedules.
11-12th week:
Student Presentations.
Final examination and submission of the term papers.

Recommended Paper Topics:
1. Changing Social Life and Art & Architecture in the Eighteenth Century.
2. Age of Wonders: Art and Architecture in the Tulip Age.
3. Urban Transformation in the Eighteenth Century.
4. Travels of Çelebi: An Ottoman Intellectual’s Encounter with Baroque Europe.
5. Nur-u Osmaniye Mosque: A New Architectural Lexicon.
6. Melling’s Life and Activities in İstanbul.
7. Maurice Cerasi: His Scholarship and Contribution to the History of Ottoman Architecture.
8. Historicism in Literature, Poetry, Art and Architecture
9. Exoticism: Perception of the Other
10. Orientalism/Occidentalism: Similitude and Contrasts
11. A Critical Review of the Terms 'Ottoman Baroque and Rococo'
12. Politics and Eighteenth Century Ottoman Architecture
13. Sa'dabad: Expressions of a new world view

References: Abou-El-Haj, Rifa’at, Formation of the Modern State: The Ottoman Empire Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries, SUNY Press, 1992. Arel, Ayda, "Gothic Towers and Baroque Mihrabs: The Post-Classical Architecture of Aegean Anatolia in the
Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Muqarnas, X (1993) 212-218.
Arel, Ayda, Onsekizinci Yüzyıl İstanbul Mimarisinde Batılılaşma Süreci. İstanbul: İ.T.Ü. Mimarlık Fakültesi, 1975.
Tülay Artan, “Mahremiyet: Mahrumiyetin Resmi,” Defter, 20 (1993) 92-115.
Artan, Tülay, “Architecture as a Theatre of Life: Profile of the Eighteenth Century Bosphorus,” Unpublished PH D. dissertation (MIT, 1989).
Artan, Tülay, "Boğaziçi'nin Çehresini Değiştiren Soylu Kadınlar ve Sultanefendi Sarayları," İstanbul. III
(1992) 106-118.
Blunt, Anthony, (ed.) Baroque and Rococo: Architecture and Decoration. London: Harper and Row Publishers, 1982.
Calabrese, Omar, Neo-Baroque: A Sign of the Times. Translated by Charles Lambert. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1992.
Carswell, John, "From the Tulip to the Rose," Studies in Eighteenth Century Islamic History, edited by T. Naff and R. Owen
(Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1977) 328-355.
Cerasi, M. M., The İstanbul Divanyolu. İstanbul: Orient Institut, 2004.
Cerasi, M. M. “Historicism and Inventive Innovation in Ottoman Architecture – 1720-1820,” in 7 Centuries of Ottoman
Architecture, A Supra-National heritage (İstanbul: Turkish Chamber of Architects, 1999a).
Cerasi, M. M. “The Urban Perspective of Ottoman Monuments From Sinan to Mehmet Tahir –Change and Continuity,” in
Essays in Honour of Aptullah Kuran, eds. Cigdem Kafescioglu and Lucienne Thys-Senocak (Istanbul: Yapi Kredi, 1999b) 171-189.
Cerasi, Maurice Münir, "Late Ottoman Architects and Master Builders,” Muqarnas, V (1988) 87-101.
Cerasi, Maurice Münir, "Town and Architecture in the 18th Century,” Rassegna, Themes in Architecture: Istanbul,
Constantinople, Byzantium, XIX, 72 (1997/4) 37-52.
Conner, Patrick, Oriental Architecture in the West. London: Thames and Hudson, 1979.
Eldem, Sedat Hakkı, Sa'dabad. Istanbul: Kültür Bakanlığı, 1978.
Evin, Ahmet, "The Tulip Age and Definitions of ‘Westernization’," in Social and Economic History of Turkey (1071-1920),
Papers Presented to the First International Congress on the Social and Economic History of Turkey (Ankara: Hacettepe University, July 11-13, 1977) (Ankara: Meteksan, 1980),
Evin, Ahmet,“1600-1700 Arasi Batililar’in Turkiye’yi Goruslerinde Olan Degisim,” Turkiye Iktisat Tarihi
Semineri, Metinler/Tartismalar (8-10 Haziran, 1973), ed. Osman Okyar and H. U. Nalbantoglu (Ankara: Hacettepe Universitesi, 1975): 168-196.
Fischer von Erlach, J.B., Entwurf, Einer Historischen Architectur, In Abbildung unterschiedener berühmten gebäude.
(Wien, 1721)
Genç, Mehmet, "XVIII. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Sanayii,” Toplum ve Ekonomi, II (1991) 99-124.
Goodwin, Godfrey, A History of Ottoman Architecture. London: Thames and Hudson, 1971.
Göçek, Fatma Müge, Rise of the Bourgeoise, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social change. New York-
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Göçek, Fatma Müge, East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth Century. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Hamadeh, Shirine, The City’s Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eighteenth Century, University of Washington Press, 2007.
Hamadeh, Shirine, “Ottoman Expressions of Early Modernity and the “Inevitable” Question of Westernization,” Journal of
the Society of Architectural Historians, 63/1 (March 2004) ss. 32-51
Işın, Ekrem, İstanbul'da Modernleşme Öncesi Gündelik Hayat: İnsan Kültür ve Mekan ilişkileri Üzerine Toplumsal Tarih
Denemeleri. İstanbul: İletişim, 1995.
İnalcık, Halil, "Political Modernization in Turkey,” İnalcık, Halil, From Empire to Republic: Essays on Ottoman and Turkish
Social History, (Istanbul: Isis Press, 1995) 123-141.
Karal, Enver Ziya, "Tanzimatt'tan Evvel Garplılaşma Hareketleri (1718-1839,” Tanzimat. I (1940) 13-30.
Karpat, Kemal, "The Land Regime, Social Structure, and Modernization in the Ottoman Empire,” Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East, The Nineteenth Century, ed. W. R. Polk and R.L. Chambers (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1968) 69-90.
Kaufmann, Emil, Architecture in the Age of Reason; Baroque and Postbaroque in England, Italy, and France. New York :
Dover Publications, 1968.
Kuban, Doğan, “Tarih-i Cami-i Şerif-i Nur-u Osmanî ve Onsekizinci Yüzyıl Osmanlı Yapı Tekniği Üzerine Gözlemler,” Türk ve İslam Sanatı Üzerine Denemeler (İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat, 1982a) 123-40.
Kuban, Doğan, “Osmanlı Mimarisinde Barok ve Rokoko,” Türk ve İslam Sanatı Üzerine Denemeler (İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat, 1982b) 115-22.
Kuban, Doğan, Osmanlı Barok Mimarisi Hakkında Bir Deneme. Istanbul: İ.T.Ü., 1954.
Kuran, Aptullah, "Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Architecture,” Studies in Eighteenth Century Islamic History, edited by T.
Naff and R. Owen (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1977) 303-327.
Lewis, Bernard, The Muslim Discovery of Europe. New York: Norton&Company, 1982.
Mackenzie, John M., Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts. Manchester and New York: Manchester
University Press, 1995.
Melling, Antoine Ignace, Voyage pittoresque de Constantinople et des rives du Bosphore d'aprés les dessins de M. Melling, architecte de l'Empereur Selim III, et dessinateur de la Sultane Hadidgé, sa soeur. I-II. Paris: 1819. Yay. M.M. Treuttel and Würtz. Paris-Amsterdam: 1819; (Istanbul'da ve Bogaziçi'nde Resimlerle Bir Gezi, Şevket Rado (yay.). Istanbul: Tifdruk&Doğan Kardeş, 1970).
Neftçi, Aras, “Nuruosmaniye Külliyesi’nin Yazıları,” Sanat Tarihi Defterleri, I (İstanbul,1996) 7-34.
Norberg-Schulz, Christian, Baroque architecture. London: Faber; Milan: Electa , 1986.
Ortaylı, İlber, "18. Yüzyılda Akdeniz Dünyası ve Genel Çizgileriyle Türkiye," Toplum ve Bilim (1977) 80-91.
Ögel, Semra, “Nuruosmaniye Külliyesi Dekorundaki Sütunlar,” Sanat Tarihi Defterleri, I (İstanbul,1996) 35-53.
Peker, A.U., “The Assessment of European Architecture by Ottoman Ambassadors of the Eighteenth
Century”, Europa und die Türkei im 18. Jahrhundert / Europe and Turkey in the Eighteenth Century, Barbara Schmidt-Haberkamp (ed.), Göttingen: Vandenhopeck & Ruprecht, 2011, 489-505.
Peker, A.U.,"Return of the Sultan: Nuruosmânîye Mosque and the İstanbul Bedestan," Constructing Cultural Identity, Representing Social Power, N. Kısakürek, O. Rastrick, K. Esmark and C. Bilsel (eds.), Pisa: Plus - Pisa Univertsity Press, 2010, 139-157.
Peker, A. U., “A Retreating Power: The Ottoman Approach to the West in the Eighteenth Century,” Power and Culture: Hegemony, Interaction and Dissent, eds. A Cimdina, J. Osmond (Pisa: Edizioni Plus, 2006)
Peker, A.U., “Western Influence on the Ottoman Empire and Occidentalism in the Architecture of İstanbul,” Excoticism and the Culture of Exploration, A Special Issue of Eighteenth Century Life (volume 26, number 3, 2002), eds. Robert Maccubbin and Christa Knellwolf, 139-164.
Renda, Günsel, "Europe and the Ottomans,” Europa und
die Kunst des Islam 15. bis 18. Jahrhundert, edited by Elisabeth Liskar, (Vienna: Hermann Böhlaus Nachf., 1985) 9-32.
Rousseau, G. S. and Porter Roy (eds.) Exoticism in the Enlightenment. Manchester and New York: Manchester University
Press, 1990.
Sweetman, John, The Oriental Obsession: Islamic Inspiration in British and American Art and Architecture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988
Tankut, Gönül, "Urban Transformation in the Eighteenth Century Ottoman City,” M.E.T.U. Journal of the Faculty of
Architecture, I/2 (1975) 247-262.
Tanyeli, Uğur, "Batılılaşma Dönemi Öncesinin Türk Mimarlığında Batı Etkileri (14.-17. Yüzyıl)," Türk Kültüründe Sanat ve Mimari -Klasik Döenm Sanatı ve Mimarlığı Üzerine Denemeler, edited by M. Saçlıoğlu - G. Tanyeli (İstanbul: 1993) 157-188.
Yenişehirlioğlu, Filiz, "Western Influences on Ottoman Architecture in the 18th century," Das Osmanische Reich und Europa 1683 bis 1789, Konflikt, Entspannung und Austausch,edited by G. Heiss and G. Klingenstein (Wien: Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, 1983) 153-178.
Yirmisekiz Mehmet Celebi, Fransa Seyahatnamesi, tran. and ed. Sevket Rado (Istanbul: Hayat Tarih Mecmuası yayınları,
1970).